Íleo biliar: descripción de dos casos / Gallstone ileus: Description of two cases

Introducción. El íleo biliar es una complicación rara de la colelitiasis y su incidencia varía del 1 al 4 %. Consiste en la migración de un cálculo de la vesicular biliar al tracto gastrointestinal, generando obstrucción intestinal. Presenta síntomas inespecíficos dependiendo del nivel de la obstrucción, lo que hace que su diagnóstico no suela ser precoz, repercutiendo en el deterioro clínico del paciente. Es especialmente grave en pacientes de edad avanzada y con comorbilidades. Casos clínicos. Se reportan los casos de dos pacientes con dolor abdominal difuso, en quienes se diagnosticó íleo biliar por tomografía. Se realizó manejo quirúrgico, el primero mediante técnica abierta y estrategia de dos pasos, y el otro mediante técnica laparoscópica. Discusión. El íleo biliar es una etiología rara de obstrucción intestinal. El cálculo migra debido a una fistula colecisto-entérica y el nivel de obstrucción es con mayor frecuencia la válvula ileocecal. Los síntomas son inespecíficos y dependen del nivel de obstrucción: dolor abdominal difuso mal caracterizado, náuseas, vómito, ausencia de flatos. El diagnóstico se hace mediante tomografía abdominal, en la cual se evidencia la tríada de Rigler. El manejo es quirúrgico, con enterotomía para extraer el cálculo y resolver la obstrucción. Conclusión. El íleo biliar es una patología que debe ser considerada en el abordaje de la obstrucción intestinal, aunque sea poco frecuente. El manejo quirúrgico es clave para resolver el cuadro de obstrucción intestinal; aún así genera importante morbimortalidad en especial en pacientes de avanzada edad.

Introduction. Gallstone ileus is a rare complication of cholelithiasis, its incidence varies from 1% to 4%. It consists of the migration of a stone from the gallbladder to the gastrointestinal tract, causing intestinal obstruction. It presents with non-specific symptoms depending on the level of the obstruction, which means that its diagnosis is not usually early, with repercussions on the clinical deterioration of the patient, being serious especially in elderly patients and with comorbidities. Clinical cases. Two patients with diffuse abdominal pain are reported. A tomographic diagnosis was made showing gallstone ileus. Surgeries were performed, in the first case using an open technique and a 2-step strategy, and on the second one using a laparoscopic technique. Discussion. Gallstone ileus is a rare etiology of intestinal obstruction. Symptoms are usually poorly characterized: diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, absence of flatus. The diagnosis is made by abdominal tomography in which Rigler's triad is evident. Management is surgical through enterotomy to remove the stone and resolve the obstruction. Conclusion. Gallstone ileus is a rare pathology that should be considered in the approach to intestinal obstruction. Surgical management is key to resolving intestinal obstruction. Even so, it generates significant morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly patients.

Prevention and treatment of postoperative complications of esophageal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Surgery is the primary treatment for esophageal cancer, but the postoperative complication rate remains high. Therefore, it is important to prevent and manage postoperative complications to improve prognosis. Common perioperative complications of esophageal cancer include anastomotic leakage, gastrointestinal tracheal fistula, chylothorax, and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Respiratory and circulatory system complications, such as pulmonary infection, are also quite common. These surgery-related complications are independent risk factors for cardiopulmonary complications. Complications, such as long-term anastomotic stenosis, gastroesophageal reflux, and malnutrition are also common after esophageal cancer surgery. By effectively reducing postoperative complications, the morbidity and mortality of patients can be reduced, and their quality of life can be improved.

Síndrome de Bouveret como variante de íleo biliar / Bouveret syndrome as a variant of gallstone ileus

Introducción. El síndrome de Bouveret es una variante del íleo biliar, de rara presentación dentro de las causas de obstrucción intestinal, generada por la impactación de un lito biliar a nivel del duodeno, secundario a la formación de una fístula bilioentérica. Es más común en mujeres en la octava década de la vida, con múltiples comorbilidades. y presenta síntomas inespecíficos, documentándose la triada de Rigler hasta en el 80 % de las tomografías de abdomen. La cirugía sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección. Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 76 años, con múltiples antecedentes y cuadros previos de cólico biliar, que consultó por dolor abdominal y signos de hemorragia de vías digestivas altas y se documentó un síndrome de Bouveret. Fue tratada en la misma hospitalización mediante extracción quirúrgica del cálculo con posterior resolución de su sintomatología.Conclusión. A pesar de que el síndrome deBouveret es una entidad de infrecuente presentación, los cirujanos generalesdeben estar familiarizados con esta patología, en el contexto del paciente que consulta con un cuadro de obstrucción intestinal, conociendo el valor de la tomografía de abdomen y la endoscopia de vías digestivas altas, teniendo en cuenta la edad y las condiciones del paciente para definir el manejo quirúrgico más adecuado.

Introduction. Bouveret's syndrome is a variant of gallstone ileus, of rare presentation within the causes of intestinal obstruction, generated by the impaction of a biliary stone at the level of the duodenum, secondary to the formation of a biliary-enteric fistula. It is more common in women in the eighth decade of life, with multiple comorbidities, and presents non-specific symptoms, with Rigler's triad being documented in up to 80% of abdominal CT scans. Surgery remains the treatment of choice. Clinical case. We present the case of a 76-year-old patient, with history of multiple episodes of biliary colic, who consulted for abdominal pain and signs of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bouveret's syndrome was documented. She was treated in the same hospitalization by surgical extraction of the stone with subsequent resolution of her symptoms. Conclussion. Although Bouveret's syndrome is an entity of infrequent presentation, general surgeons must be familiar with this pathology in the context of the patient who presents with intestinal obstruction, knowing the value of abdominal tomography and upper GI endoscopy, taking into account the age and conditions of the patient to define the most appropriate surgical management.

Colo-umbilical enterocutaneous fistula as a rare complication of diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon / Fístula enterocutánea sigmoidea umbilical como una rara complicación de una diverticulitis del colon sigmoide

Abstract The care of patients with enterocutaneous fistula constitutes a significant challenge owing to the alterations it usually brings about. For successful treatment, it is necessary to manage fluids and electrolytes adequately, provide practical nutritional support, and control sepsis until its eradication; thus, many fistulae close spontaneously. We present the case of a 36-year-old male patient with a four-month history of fecal-like umbilical secretion. When performing the fistulogram, we confirmed a fistulous tract of 9 cm, which ended at the level of the sigmoid colon, a rare location. In cases where the enterocutaneous fistula does not close, and surgical treatment is indicated, it is imperative to maximize perioperative care, decrease surgical time, choose the correct surgical technique, and prepare the patient for surgery to avoid complications with a fatal outcome.

Resumen La atención de los pacientes con fístula enterocutánea constituye un gran reto, por las alteraciones con las que suelen acompañarse. Para lograr un tratamiento exitoso es necesario realizar un adecuado manejo de los líquidos y electrolitos, brindar un apoyo nutricional eficaz y controlar la sepsis hasta lograr su erradicación; de esta manera, muchas fístulas cierran espontáneamente. Se expone el caso de un paciente de 36 años de edad, con un cuadro de secreción umbilical de aspecto fecaloideo de 4 meses de evolución. Al realizar la fistulografía se constató un trayecto fistuloso de 9 cm, el cual terminaba a nivel del colon sigmoide, localización poco frecuente. En los casos en que la fístula enterocutánea no cierre y tenga indicación de tratamiento quirúrgico, es necesario extremar los cuidados perioperatorios, minimizar el tiempo quirúrgico, elegir la técnica quirúrgica correcta y preparar al paciente para la cirugía, de modo que se eviten complicaciones que pueden tener un desenlace fatal.

Obstruccion intestinal por Íleo biliar: reporte de un caso / Biliary Ileus intestinal obstruction. a case report

El ileo biliar es una rara complicación de la colelitiasis no tratada. Presentamos el cuadro clínico y el manejo de un paciente masculino de 72 años (AU)

The biliary or Gallstone ileus is a rare complication of the non-treated Cholelithiasis. We present the clinical features and the treatment of a 72 years old patient

Tratamento colonoscópico de íleo biliar: relato de um caso / Colonoscopic treatment of gallstone ileus: a case report

O íleo biliar representa de 1 a 4% das causas de obstrução mecânica do trato gastrointestinal, causado por um cálculo de origem biliar quando atinge a luz intestinal através de uma fístula bilioentérica. O seu tratamento normalmente é cirúrgico através da enterolitotomia, com ou sem realização de colecistectomia e correção da fístula bilioentérica no mesmo tempo cirúrgico. Relata-se o caso de um paciente de 78 anos com obstrução intestinal ao nível do íleo terminal. Devido ao risco cirúrgico elevado optou-se pela realização de colonoscopia de urgência, que extraiu um cálculo de 2,1cm, impactado na válvula ileocecal. O paciente evoluiu bem após o procedimento, sendo optado pelo tratamento conservador da vesícula biliar e fístula durante o internamento. Conclui-se que pacientes de alto risco se beneficiam com procedimentos menos invasivos, como os endoscópicos, que além de diagnósticos podem ser terapêuticos

The gallstone ileus represents 1 to 4% of the causes of mechanical obstruction from gastrointestinal tract, caused by a gallstone when it reaches the intestinal lumen through a bilioenteric fistula. The treatment is usually the enterolithotomy, with or without cholecystectomy and correction of the bilioenteric fistula at the same surgical time. We report a case of a patient, 78 years old, with intestinal obstruction at the level of the ileocecal valve. The examination showed abdominal distension and pain, with no signs of peritonitis. Due to the surgical risk, a emergency colonoscopy was performed, which removed a 2.1 cm gallstone impacted into the ileocecal valve. The patient evolved well after the procedure and it was chosen the conservative approach to the gallbladder and fistula during the same hospital stay. We conclude that the high-risk patients could benefit from less invasive treatments, such as endoscopy, which can be diagnoses and therapeutic

Primary aortoduodenal fistula: a rare cause of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Aortoduodenal fistula (ADF) is the most common type of aortoenteric fistula (AEF). This is a rare entity, which produces communication between an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), resulting in massive gastrointestinal bleeding. AEF/ADF is difficult to recognize clinically, with the classical triad of symptoms including a pulsating, palpable mass, abdominal pain, and GIT bleeding. AEF/ADF can be classified into primary when a communication between an AAA and the GIT develops with no history of prior aortic reconstructive surgery, and secondary, where the communication is on the background of previous aortic reconstructive surgery. Herein we present a case report of a 75-year-old Caucasian male patient with a clinical history of AAA, who presented with massive GIT bleeding and expired shortly after. An autopsy revealed communication between an atherosclerotic AAA and the lower third of the duodenum.

Fístula aorto-duodenal secundaria, una rara oportunidad para realizar un procedimiento de Whipple / Secondary aorto-duodenal fistula, a rare opportunity to perform a Whipple procedure

La fístula aortoentérica (FAE) es la solución de continuidad entre la arteria aorta y una porción del sistema digestivo; su incidencia va del 0.04 al 0.07% y su mortalidad alcanza hasta 79%, lo que la convierte en un verdadero reto a la hora de establecer su manejo por la efectividad con la cual se debe efectuar su manejo. Existen diversas manifestaciones de la enfermedad que pueden distraer su diagnóstico, sin embargo es común el dolor abdominal y el sangrado digestivo acompañado o no de signos de inestabilidad hemodinámica. Actualmente, no existe un consenso para el manejo de las FAE; sin embargo, los pilares fundamentales son: control de la infección, reparación vascular y reconstrucción entérica; para esto es indispensable un equipo multidisciplinario de gran experiencia. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 76 años con varias comorbilidades, portadora de bypass aorto-bi-femoral por enfermedad aterosclerótica de la aorta. Acudió por dolor abdominal, sangrado digestivo alto e inestabilidad hemodinámica. Luego de la valoración inicial fue diagnosticada de FAE y sepsis. Tomando en cuenta las recomendaciones mundiales, se realizó un procedimiento en 2 tiempos que incluían: a) reparo vascular: bypass extra-anatómico, exéresis de prótesis y cierre del muñón aórtico y, b) reparo entérico (por la magnitud anatómica de la lesión intestinal y luego de haber descartado la factibilidad de una rafia o derivación intestinal): como último recurso un procedimiento de Whipple

Aortoenteric fistulas are defined as a communication between the aorta and a portion of the digestive system. This pathology has a 0.04-0.07% incidence with a mortality rate of up to 79% making it's management a true challenge. Clinical manifestations vary thus common symptoms include abdominal pain and digestive bleeding and may or may not include signs of hemodynamic instability. Until now there is no consensus regarding the management of FAE hence the pillars of treatment include: infection control, vascular reparation and enteric reconstruction. A multidisciplinary team is imperative. We are presenting the case of a 76-year-old female with various comorbidities and a history of an aortic bifemoral bypass reconstruction due to aortic sclerosis disease; that presented with abdominal pain, upper digestive bleeding and hemodynamic instability. She was diagnosed with a FAE and sepsis. Taking into consideration international recommendations she was treated with a single procedure in two times. For the vascular correction: an extra-anatomical bypass; removal of previous prosthetic aortic implant and closure of the aortic stump. Due to the magnitude of the intestinal damage simple closure and intestinal derivation were discarded as options for enteric repair and a Whipple procedure was used as a last resource.

Enterovesical fistula caused by ileal primary adenocarcinoma / Fístula enterovesical causada por adenocarcinoma ileal primário

ABSTRACT Introduction: Small bowel neoplasms are rare entities, with only 3.2% of gastrointestinal tumors localized in this segment. Adenocarcinoma is the second most common histologic type among small bowel neoplasms. The disease's symptoms are non-specific, with abdominal pain being the most common. Among the complications, fistulas are a far rare condition. Case report: We present the case of an 86-year-old woman, hypertensive, diabetic, and former smoker, with lower abdominal pain, hematuria, fecaluria and fever associated with weight loss. Upon physical examination presented pale mucous membranes. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen showed parietal thickening in the distal ileum segment with an anterior wall bladder fistula. Absence of metastases. Subjected to transurethral endoscopic biopsy of the bladder lesion, which anatomopathological study was compatible with invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. An enterectomy was performed with primary enteroanastomosis, associated with partial cystectomy by videolaparoscopy. Anatomopathological study of the surgical specimens concluded mucinous adenocarcinoma with signet ring cells located in the small bowel and bladder. Immunohistochemical exam has identified findings compatible with mucinous adenocarcinoma of origin in the small bowel. The patient evolved well, being discharged, and returned to postoperative follow-up without signs of relapse of the disease. Conclusion: The relative inaccessibility of the small bowel and the malignant neoplasms' non-specific symptoms make an early diagnosis difficult. Discovery of the disease, often only at an advanced stage, results in complications and less effective therapy. The laparoscopic approach might be advantageous and effective in the treatment of advanced small bowel cancer with invasion of adjacent structures.

RESUMO Introdução: As neoplasias do intestino delgado são entidades raras com apenas 3,2% dos tumores gastrointestinais localizando-se neste segmento. O adenocarcinoma é o segundo tipo histológico mais comum entre as neoplasias do intestino delgado. Os sintomas da doença são inespecíficos, sendo a dor abdominal o mais comum, dificultando o diagnóstico precoce. Dentre as complicações, as fistulas são de ocorrência ainda mais rara. Relato de caso: Mulher de 86 anos, hipertensa, diabética e ex-tabagista. Quadro de dor em abdome inferior, hematúria, fecalúria, febre eventual e perda ponderal. Ao exame físico pele e mucosas hipocoradas. Ressonância Magnética de abdome evidenciou espessamento parietal em segmento do íleo distal com fístula para a parede vesical anterior. Ausência de metástases. Submetida à biopsia endoscópica transuretral da lesão vesical, cujo estudo anatomopatológico evidenciou adenocarcinoma mucinoso invasivo. Realizada enterectomia com enteroanastomose primária, associada à cistectomia parcial por videolaparoscopia. Estudo anatomopatológico das peças cirúrgicas concluiu adenocarcinoma mucinoso com células em anel de sinete localizado em intestino delgado e bexiga. A Imunohistoquímica identificou achados compatíveis com adenocarcinoma mucinoso de origem em intestino delgado. A paciente evoluiu bem no pós-operatório, recebendo alta e retornando para seguimento pós-operatório sem sinais de recidiva da doença. Conclusão: A relativa inacessibilidade do intestino delgado e os sintomas inespecíficos das neoplasias malignas deste sítio dificulta o diagnóstico precoce. O reconhecimento da doença, muitas vezes somente em estágio avançado, resulta em complicações e sequelas com terapêutica menos eficaz. A abordagem laparoscópica pode ser vantajosa no tratamento do câncer avançado do intestino delgado com invasão de estruturas adjacentes.

Efficacy of continuous irrigation combined with closed thoracic drainage for esophagojejunal anastomotic fistula complicated with mediastinal, thoracic and abdominal infections / 中华胃肠外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical efficacy of continuous irrigation combined with closed thoracic drainage for esophagojejunal anastomotic fistula (EJAF) complicated with mediastinal, thoracic and abdominal infection after total gastrectomy.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of 22 EJAF patients complicated with mediastinal, thoracic and abdominal infection after radical gastrectomy at Department of General Surgery of the 901th Hospital of PLA from June 2012 to May 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Case inclusion criteria:(1) gastric adenocarcinoma confirmed by preoperative endoscopic pathology undergoing radical total gastrectomy without severe organ dysfunction;(2)EJAF complicated with mediastinal, thoracic and abdominal infections diagnosed by postoperative radiography, the presence of pleural effusion confirmed by CT and ultrasound. Among them, 10 cases were treated with simple thoracic closed drainage (single drainage group); 12 cases received same closed thoracic drainage, and a rubber catheter was placed next to the closed thoracic drainage tube in the same sinus. A 0.9% sodium chloride solution was applied in continuous drip irrigation with drip velocity at 50 to 100 ml/h(continuous flushing plus drainage group). Infection indicators, anastomotic fistula healing time and related clinical indicators were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#In the simple drainage group, 5 cases were males, age was (61.9±10.7) years old, 4 cases received laparoscopic surgery, 6 cases received open surgery, 6 cases were EJAF grade III, 4 cases were EJAF IV. In continuous flushing and drainage group, 6 cases were males, age was (61.7±11.0) years old, 7 cases received laparoscopic surgery, 5 cases received open surgery, 6 cases were EJAF grade III, and 6 cases were EJAF grade IV. Baseline data including gender, age, underlying diseases, preoperative hematological examination indexes, surgical methods, tumor TNM stage and EJAF grade were not significantly different between the two groups (all P>0.05). When postoperative EJAF was complicated with mediastinal, thoracic and abdominal infection, biochemical parameters including white blood cell, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein were not significantly different between two groups (all P>0.05). All patients of both groups achieved clinical cure without death. Compared with the simple drainage group after closed thoracic drainage, the continuous irrigation plus drainage group had significantly shorter duration of infection parameters returning to normal levels [white blood cell count: (6.8 ± 2.0) days vs.(10.5±3.0) days, t=4.062, P<0.001; procalcitonin: (7.5±1.0) days vs. (9.2±1.9) days, t=3.236, P=0.040; C-reactive protein: (8.8±1.0) days vs. (11.2±1.5) days, t=5.177, P<0.001], meanwhile time in surgical ICU [(4.9±2.5) days vs. (9.9±6.7) days, t=2.935, P=0.006], healing time of fistula [(42.9±12.5) days vs. (101.8±53.2) days, t=4.187, P=0.001] and total postoperative hospital stay [(62.3±15.8) days vs. (119.7 ±59.4) days, t=3.634, P=0.002] were significantly shorter, and total hospitalization cost was significantly lower (median 86 000 yuan vs. 124 000 yuan, Z=2.063, P=0.040) in the continuous irrigation plus drainage group.@*CONCLUSION@#The continuous closed thoracic drainage with 0.9% sodium chloride solution can accelerate infection control and remission of EJAF patients complicated with mediastinal, thoracic and abdominal infections, and shorten the healing time of anastomotic fistula.

Research progress of the open abdomen in the treatment of gastrointestinal fistula with complicated intra-abdominal infection / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Gastrointestinal fistula patients may suffer from complicated intra-abdominal infection and sepsis with improper treatment, which is characterized by high mortality ranging from 20% to 60%, as well as high medical costs. Gastrointestinal fistula patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections are not often diagnosed early, and proper treatment remains an unsolved problem. Therefore it is a great challenge for surgeons to repair broken intestines under complicated intra-abdominal infection conditions and to repair ruptured intestines under conditions of severe abdominal adhesions and swelling of the intestinal wall and mesentery. After the open abdominal approach was first adopted to treat complicated intra-abdominal infection patients by Duff and Moffat in 1981, it gradually began to be used more widely. However, some investigators have reported that the open abdomen approach has not been effective in controlling controlled mortality, instead, it may even increase mortality. For this reason, the approach has only been used in large medical centers rather than having been widely popularized. In this review, the effect, timing, indications of open abdomen approach and the principles for the open abdominal wound management are summarized, and the reason for the various efficacy among different centers is also analyzed. We provide a new perspective for clinicians to manage the gastrointestinal fistula patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection.

Appendico-cutaneous fistula following hysterectomy: first case report / Fístula apêndico-cutanea pós histerectomia: primeiro relato de caso

ABSTRACT Appendico-cutaneous fistulas not related to acute appendicitis or cancer are rare and show spontaneous resolution after conservative treatment, mainly when they show low output, absence of obstruction or sepsis and in patients with good nutritional status. We found no report in the literature on appendico-cutaneous fistula after hysterectomy. The evolution of this case shows that this type of fistula can have low, but persistent debt, requiring definitive surgery.

RESUMO Fístulas apendico-cutâneas não relacionadas à apendicite aguda ou neoplasias são raras e de resolução espontânea após tratamento conservador, sobretudo quando se apresentam com baixo débito, ausência de obstrução ou sepse e em pacientes em bom estado nutricional. Não encontramos relato na literatura de fístula apendico-cutânea após histerectomia. A evolução desse caso demonstra que a esse tipo de fístula pode apresentar débito baixo, mas persistente, demandando cirurgia definitiva.

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of perioperative complications of bariatric and metabolic surgery / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Surgical operation in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes is popularizing rapidly in China. Correct prevention and recognition of perioperation-related operative complications is the premise of ensuring surgical safety. Familiar complications of the operation include deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary artery embolism, anastomotic bleeding, anastomotic fistula and marginal ulcer. The prevention of deep venous thrombosis is better than treatment. The concrete measures contain physical prophylaxis (graduated compression stocking and intermittent pneumatic compression leg sleeves) and drug prophylaxis (unfractionated heparin and low molecular heparin), and the treatment is mainly thrombolysis or operative thrombectomy. The treatment of pulmonary artery embolism includes remittance of pulmonary arterial hypertension, anticoagulation, thrombolysis, operative thrombectomy, interventional therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Hemorrhage is a rarely occurred but relatively serious complication after bariatric surgery. The primary cause of anastomotic bleeding after laparoscopic gastric bypass is incomplete hemostasis or weak laparoscopic repair. The common bleeding site in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is gastric stump and close to partes pylorica, and the bleeding may be induced by malformation and weak repair technique. Patients with hemodynamic instability caused by active bleeding or excessive bleeding should timely received surgical treatment. Anastomotic fistula in gastric bypass can be divided into gastrointestinal anastomotic fistula and jejunum-jejunum anastomotic fistula. The treatment of postoperative anastomotic fistula should vary with each individual, and conservative treatment or operative treatment should be adopted. Anastomotic stenosis is mainly related to the operative techniques. Stenosis after sleeve gastrectomy often occurs in gastric angle, and the treatment methods include balloon dilatation and stent implantation, and surgical treatment should be performed when necessary. Marginal ulcer after gastric bypass is a kind of peptic ulcer occurring close to small intestine mucosa in the junction point of stomach and jejunum. Ulcer will also occur in the vestige stomach after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and the occurrence site locates mostly in the gastric antrum incisal margin. Preoperative anti-HP (helicobacter pylorus) therapy and postoperative continuous administration of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for six months is the main means to prevent and treat marginal ulcer. For patients on whom conservative treatment is invalid, endoscopic repair or surgical repair should be considered. Different surgical procedures will generate different related operative complications. Fully understanding and effectively dealing with the complications of various surgical procedures through multidisciplinary cooperation is a guarantee for successful operation.

Clinical research of delta-shaped anastomosis technology in laparoscopic distal gastrectomy and digestive tract reconstruction / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the feasibility and safety of the delta-shaped anastomosis in laparoscopic distal gastrectomy and digestive tract reconstruction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of 34 gastric cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with the delta-shaped anastomosis for digestive tract reconstruction (delta-shaped group) and 83 gastric cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with Billroth I( for digestive tract reconstruction (Billroth group) by same surgeon team from July 2013 to July 2015 at the Department of Digestive Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. Data of two groups were compared.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Age, gender, tumor stage were not significantly different between the two groups(all P>0.05). Operation time of the first 15 cases in delta-shaped group was longer than that in Billroth group [(254.7±35.4) min vs. (177.8±33.0) min, t=11.190, P=0.000], while after above 15 cases, the operation time of delta-shaped group was significantly shorter than that of Billroth group [(142.1±14.6) min vs. (177.8±33.0) min, t=-4.109, P=0.001]. Delta-shaped group had less blood loss during operation [(87.1±36.7) ml vs. (194.0±55.1) ml, t=-10.268, P=0.000], and shorter length of incision [(4.1±0.4) cm vs. (6.1±1.0) cm, t=-10.331, P=0.000] than Billroth group. Compared with Billroth group, delta-shaped group presented faster postoperative bowel function return [(2.8±0.6) d vs. (3.3±0.5) d, t=-3.755, P=0.000], earlier liquid food intake [(7.4±1.5) d vs. (8.1±1.7) d, t=-4.135, P=0.000], earlier ambulation [(4.0±1.6) d vs. (6.8±1.4) d, t=-7.197, P=0.000] and shorter postoperative hospital stay [(12.6±1.9) d vs.(13.6±2.0) d, t=-20.149, P=0.000]. Morbidity of postoperative complication was 5.9%(2/34) in delta-shaped group, including anastomotic fistula in 1 case and incision infection in 1 case, and 6.0%(5/83) in Billroth group, including anastomotic fistula, incision infection, anastomotic stricture and dumping syndrome, without significant difference(P>0.05). Difference value of total protein and albumin between pre-operation and post-operation, and average decreased value of total protein, albumin, body weight between pre-operation and postoperative 6-month were not significantly different between two groups(all P>0.05). As for patients with BMI > 25 kg/m, compared to Billroth group, delta-shaped group presented less blood loss during operation [(94.1±36.7) ml vs. (203.0±55.1) ml, t=-10.268, P=0.000], lower injective dosage of postoperative analgesics [(1.9±1.1) ampule vs.(3.3±2.0) ampule, t=-2.188, P=0.032], faster intestinal recovery [(2.9±0.7) d vs. (3.2±0.9) d, t=-3.755, P=0.009], shorter hospital stay [(10.5±1.2) d vs. (11.7±1.5) d, t=-2.026, P=0.004], and lower morbidity of postoperative complication [7.1%(1/14) vs. 13.6%(3/22), χ=4.066, P=0.031].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In laparoscopic distal gastrectomy and digestive tract reconstruction, the delta-shaped anastomosis is safe and feasible, especially suitable for obese patients.</p>

Efficacy of over-the-scope clip for gastrointestinal fistula / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the efficacy of over-the-scope clip (OTSC) in the treatment of gastrointestinal fistula.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of 12 gastrointestinal fistula patients, including 3 internal fistula and 9 external fistula treated with OTSC in our institute from March 2015 to May 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. OTSC was performed when pus was drained thoroughly and intra-abdominal infection around gastrointestinal fistula was controlled, and each patient received one clip to close fistula.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 6 female and 6 male patients with mean age of (50.1±12.6) years. The successful rate of endoscopic closure was 100% without complications including bleeding and intestinal obstruction during and after OTSC treatment. According to comprehensive evaluation, including drainage without digestive juices, no recurrence of intra-abdominal infection, no overflow of contrast medium during digestive tract radiography, and CT examination without intra-abdominal abscess, clinical gastrointestinal fistula closure was 91.7%(11/12). There was no recurrence of gastrointestinal fistula during 3 months of follow-up in 11 patients. In the remaining 1 case, the gastric fistula after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy recurred one week after OTSC treatment because of intra-abdominal infection surrounding fistula, and was cured by surgery finally.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The endoscopic closure treatment of OTSC for gastrointestinal fistula is successful and effective, and control of intra-abdominal infection around fistula with adequate drainage is the key point.</p>

Value of endoscopy application in the management of complications after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Endoscopy plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of postoperative complications of gastric cancer. Endoscopic intervention can avoid the second operation and has attracted wide attention. Early gastric anastomotic bleeding after gastrectomy is the most common. With the development of technology, emergency endoscopy and endoscopic hemostasis provide a new treatment approach. According to the specific circumstances, endoscopists can choose metal clamp to stop bleeding, electrocoagulation hemostasis, local injection of epinephrine or sclerotherapy agents, and spraying specific hemostatic agents. Anastomotic fistula is a serious postoperative complication. In addition to endoscopically placing the small intestine nutrition tube for early enteral nutrition support treatment, endoscopic treatment, including stent, metal clip, OTSC, and Over-stitch suture system, can be chosen to close fistula. For anastomotic obstruction or stricture, endoscopic balloon or probe expansion and stent placement can be chosen. For esophageal anastomotic intractable obstruction after gastroesophageal surgery, radial incision of obstruction by the hook knife or IT knife, a new method named ERI, is a good choice. Bile leakage caused by bile duct injury can be treated by placing the stent or nasal bile duct. In addition, endoscopic methods are widely used as follows: abdominal abscess can be treated by the direct intervention under endoscopy; adhesive ileus can be treated by placing the catheter under the guidance of endoscopy to attract pressure; alkaline reflux gastritis can be rapidly diagnosed by endoscopy; gastric outlet obstruction mainly caused by cancer recurrence can be relieved by metal stent placement and the combination of endoscopy and X-ray can increase success rate; pyloric dysfunction and spasm caused by the vagus nerve injury during proximal gastrectomy can be treated by endoscopic pyloromyotomy, a new method named G-POEM, and the short-term outcomes are significant. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) allows complete resection of residual gastric precancerous lesions, however it should be performed by the experienced endoscopists.

Epidemiology and outcome of patients with postoperative abdominal fistula / Perfil epidemiológico, incidência e desfecho dos pacientes com fístula abdominal pós-operatória

ABSTRACT Objective: to present the epidemiological profile, incidence and outcome of patients who developing postoperative abdominal fistula. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional, prospective study evaluated patients undergoing abdominal surgery. We studied the epidemiological profile, the incidence of postoperative fistulas and their characteristics, the outcome of this complication and the predictors of mortality. Results: The sample consisted of 1,148 patients. The incidence of fistula was 5.5%. There was predominance of biliary fistula (26%), followed by colonic fistulas (22%) and stomach (15%). The average time to onset of fistula was 6.3 days. For closure, the average was 25.6 days. The mortality rate of patients with fistula was 25.4%. Predictors of mortality in patients who developed fistula were age over 60 years, presence of comorbidities, fistula closure time more than 19 days, no spontaneous closure of the fistula, malnutrition, sepsis and need for admission to the Intensive Care Unit Conclusion: abdominal postoperative fistulas are still relatively frequent and associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo: apresentar o perfil epidemiológico, incidência e desfecho em pacientes que evoluíram com fístula abdominal pós-operatória. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo prospectivo transversal observacional que avaliou pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal. Foram estudados o perfil epidemiológico, a incidência das fístulas pós-operatórias e suas características, desfecho desta complicaçãoe fatores preditivos de mortalidade. Resultados: a amostra constou de 1148 pacientes. A incidência de fístula foi 5,5%. Houve predominância de fístulas biliares (26%), seguidas de fístulas colônicas (22%) e gástricas (15%). O tempo médio para o surgimento da fístula foi 6,3 dias. Para o fechamento, a média foi 25,6 dias. A taxa de mortalidade dos pacientes com fístula foi 25,4%. Os fatores preditivos de mortalidade nos casos que desenvolveram fístula foram idade maior do que 60 anos, presença de comorbidades, tempo de fechamento da fístula superior a 19 dias, não fechamento espontâneo da fístula, desnutrição, sepse e necessidade de admissão em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Conclusão: as fístulas pós-operatórias abdominais ainda são relativamente frequentes e associadas à morbidade e mortalidade significativas.